A Study on Non-Compliance with Standard Phraseology and Communication Errors in Pilot-Controller Communication / 항공우주의학회지

Purpose@#In this study, in order to examine the correlation between non-compliance with standard phraseology and communication errors in pilot-controller communications, investigated the perception of standard phraseology. @*Methods@#First, the definition and regulations of the standard phraseology were confirmed through document review. The Korea’s standard phraseology for air traffic control is based on the Air Traffic Control Procedure and the Manual of Radiotelephony.The standards regulated in these documents is derived from International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and/or the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Then, a questionnaire containing 8 test items suitable for checking compliance with the standard phraseology was prepared through expert advice. A total of 55 pilots and controllers including trainees were surveyed. @*Results@#As a result of the survey, most of the respondents thought that the standard phraseology should be complied, but they showed poor results in the test questions about whether their phraseology were appropriate. Overall average score was 3.67 points out of perfect score of 8.00 points. Based on the respondents’ improper answers, the possibility of communication errors and linguistic background were examined through consultation with aviation experts and language experts. @*Conclusion@#Even though they knew the need to comply with standard phraseology, they often used non-standard phraseology because they did not know the exact standard, and some communication errors were likely to occur. In order to supplement this, it is necessary to define accurate standard phraseology and make efforts at the government level as well as aviation workers and the aviation industry to train and learn properly.

The Influence of Human Factors in Flight Training / 항공우주의학회지

Purpose@#Most aviation accidents are caused by human factors, and in recent years in Korea, human factors have been identified as the cause of 70% of aviation accidents.Human factors that influence pilots in the aviation field are closely linked to judgment ability and are crucial factors directly impacting flight proficiency. @*Methods@#To explore the human factors that may affect student pilots during flight training, a survey was conducted among flight instructors holding pilot certificates. @*Results@#The results aim not only to identify the human factors that can influence flight performance during training but also to establish a direction for safety by addressing the human factors related to student pilots, with the goal of maintaining safety. @*Conclusion@#Understanding the human factors that affect student pilots, who will be responsible for transporting hundreds of passengers in the future, is essential for cultivating safety knowledge and risk management skills, making it a highly important matter for accident prevention.

The Improvement of Pilot Fatigue Management / 항공우주의학회지

The fatigue of pilots is the most threatening factor in aviation safety internationally, requiring continuous management. In order to prevent aircraft accidents that may occur due to fatigue, this paper analyzes fatigue-related accident cases and previous research and suggests ways to improve the fatigue management of pilots. Problems in major fatigue accidents were active communication failure, lack of leadership of the captain, inadequate contingency management, lack of workload management, and the most important factors in accidents were inadequate decision making of continuing an approach without going around. It is necessary to proactively improve and establish go-around culture in the organization and manage human factors with training and procedures of Threat and Error Management and Crew Resource Management. In order to fundamentally prevent accidents related to fatigue fundamentally, it is necessary to establish Fatigue Risk Management and Safety Management System, and identify the actual threats and errors in the cockpit of the aircraft.

The Enhancing Error Management of Pilot and Line Operation Safety Audit / 항공우주의학회지

The human factors become the most important factor in aviation safety. In order to prevent accident, pilots should manage errors in the cockpit. International Civil Aviation Authority (ICAO) recommends airlines to implement line operation safety audit (LOSA) to identify the management of errors by pilots and understand real errors and the competencies. The LOSA may provide metrics of the prevalence of errors by each types and rate of trapping errors to management enhancing errors. Airlines may understand how crew respond and manage errors. The operator may enhance safety once they identify errors and train crew how they manage to reduce the most mismanagement errors. This study is to provide operators eight recommendations on how to enhance errors and LOSA understanding human errors collected through LOSA and enhancing the implementation of LOSA with guidance according to ICAO and Federal Aviation Administration.

A Thought on the Flight Training of the Students in Department of Flight Operation under COVID-19 / 항공우주의학회지

Purpose@#The COVID-19 pandemic has wide spread to aviation. This study was conducted to find out the perception of flight training for student pilots in the flight training center in a university with COVID-19 pandemic. @*Methods@#It analyzed through qualitative research by aviation subject matter experts in Korea. @*Results@#The advantages of COVID-19 were the increased flight training opportunities due to significant decrease of aircraft operations in the airports, reduced ground school hours due to Social Distancing concerns of infection, difficulty in communication due to wearing masks, difficulty in purchasing parts for the maintenance, deterioration of skills due to reduced face to face class hours, and laxity in lifestyle were found. @*Conclusion@#It was analyzed that the longer the corona pandemic, the lower the motivation of students due to uncertainty in the job market.

Analysis of MTA1 gene expression for uterine cervical cancer by cDNA microarray and tissue array / 대한산부인과학회지

OBJECTIVE: cDNA microarray and tissue array was utilized for the profiling of differentially expressed genes in uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Metastasis associated 1 gene (MTA1) was investigated using these methods, and we correlated gene and protein expression of MTA1 with the invasion and metastasis of cancer. METHODS: Gene expression profiles for paired cancerous and noncancerous uterine cervical tissue samples from an individual by means of a cDNA microarray representing 17,000 genes were analyzed. Of the differentially expressed genes, we assessed the MTA1 gene at the protein level using tissue array and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The expressions of 15 and 21 genes were noted to have more than fivefold increase or decrease in the cervical squamous cell carcinoma tissue compared to the non-cancerous cervical tissue. The changed genes were those associated with DNA synthesis/repair, apoptosis, modulation of transcription, signal transduction, enzyme, cell cycle, cytoskeleton, metabolism, cell adhesion, extracellular matrix, immune response and others. Expression of MTA1 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 34 squamous cell carcinoma in situ, 32 microinvasive carcinoma and 56 invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Increased expression of MTA1 was significantly correlated with depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis. There was no statistically significant relationship between MTA1 expression and age, and FIGO stage. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that MTA1 may closely related to invasiveness and progression in cervical cancer. Thus, MTA1 could potentially provide information on the mechanism of cancer invasion and metastasis.

Successful endoscopic operations in benign gynecologic diseases: experiences of 6,017 cases / 대한산부인과학회지

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the application rate and effectiveness of endoscopic operations based on 6,017 cases in the field of gynecology. METHODS: Six-thousand-seventeen cases of endoscopic operations were performed from March 1993 to June 2004 in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Endoscopy, Good Moonhwa Hospital. Endoscopic operations were done on the majority of patients who had benign gynecologic diseases. We applied "two-surgeons system" and simplified methods of operation consisted of endoloop-ligation, endosuture and endotying. RESULTS: Our endoscopic operations were successful in 5,994 cases (99.62%) out of 6,017 attempts. Twenty-three cases (0.38%) were converted to laparotomy due to severe pelvic adhesion, excessive bleeding or difficulty in accessibility. In the first year endoscopic operations were done in 29.0% of the total gynecologic operations, but was increased to 52.9% during the next 4 years. In 2003, 93.0% and in 2004, 99.0% of the total gynecologic operations were done by endoscope. While the simple technique surgeries showed a high application rate, the more complicated technique surgeries, which began at a lower rate, showed a steady increase up to 89.3%. Blood loss and operation time were markedly declined during 3 year period and maintained at a low level thereafter. A 3 years' period of endoscopic operations (about 500 cases) is necessary for a hospital learning curve while, 26.4 cases is necessary an individual surgeon's learning curve. The major complications during the study period was 28 cases (0.47%). CONCLUSION: Endoscopic operations can be applied in almost all benign gynecologic diseases. In particular, "two-surgeons system" is a safe method with few complications and minimal learning period. These results suggest that if appropriate techniques could be learned, endoscopic operation might be preferred to laparotomy for both surgeons and patients.

Differentiation of glomerular and nonglomerular hematuria by urinary red cell analyzer / 대한신장학회잡지

No abstract available.

A Case of Atrial Septal Aneurysm Associated with Atrial Septal Defect

The diagnosis of atrial septal defect by transthoracic echocardiography remains difficult in a small subset of patients because of either suboptimal acoustic windows or unusual anatomy, for example, fenestrated defects. wer report the case of a 52-year-old woman with a fenestratdd atrial septal aneurysm that was incompletely visualized by transthoracic echocardiography. Subsequent transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated atrial septal defect and two fenestrations within the atrial septal aneurysm with left-to-right shunting. All echocardiographic findings were confirmed at surgery. This case demonstrates the addinional diagnostic accuracy of transesophageal echocardiography for detecting disease of the atrial septum.

Reye Syndrome: Light and Electron Microscopic Studies of 7 Cases

Histopathological and electron microscopical studies were made on 7 cases of Reye syndrome. Histologically brain edema with neuronal degeneration and fatty change in the liver were constant findings, and fatty change of kidneys, heart and pancreas were variably observed. Electron microscopy revealed characteristic mitochondrial abnormalities in the hepatocytes, proximal convoluted tubular cells of kidneys, pancreatic acinar cells and nerve cells, in which the mitochondria were distended with expansion of matrix space and the matrix substance was converted to granular or flocculent material. Lipid droplets of small size were also observed in the various cells. In the hepatocytes abnormal shaped microbodies were noted and the rough endoplasmic reticulum was dilated. Virus-like particles were not found. It is suggested that Reye syndrome is not a rare disease-entity in Korea since the cases of Reye syndrome comprised 3.2 percent of all pediatric autopsies during the same period. The significance and the specificity of the mitochondrial changes in Reye syndrome are discussed.

A Case of Sebaceous Carcinoma

In recent years, there appears to have been an increased incidence or recognition of sebaceous carcinomas of the ocular adnexa, which had been previously believed very rare. A 55-year-old male visited our hospital in April 1973 with a large lump in the right lower eyelid which had showed progressive enlargement of one year's duration. A biopsy was carried out and the histopathological examination revealed sebaceous carcinoma. He was treated with a total dosage of 6,000 rads of electron-beam by LINAC machine in October 1973, and the result was excellent.